Craft of Writing: Stream-of-Consciousness, Reported Speech, and Anadiplosis

Here is one more installment of some Craft of Writing mini-lessons before the HSC examinations are upon us. These are mini-lessons designed to support students in practising writing craft all year-round. Below are three writing techniques or elements that can be brought into close-up to make the craft of writing more explicit for students. 

Stream of Consciousness 

What is it: In psychology this refers to a person's thoughts and reactions and the way they can be perceived as a continuous flow. In literature it refers to an author's attempt to represent this by an uninterrupted stretch of the character thinking, uninterrupted by dialogue or a traditional narrative.

Example:

• "Should he cast by type or against type? Uglies in parts that call for beauty, a gorgeous hunk for Caliban? Put them into roles that will force them to explore their hidden depths, or are those depths better left unexplored? Challenge the audience by showing them well-known characters in surprising and possibly disagreeable guises?" - Hag-Seed by Margaret Atwood.

Why use it:

• Developed by a group of early 20th century authors to put the reader inside a character's head and demonstrate greater depth of characterisation.
• Can convey to the reader a greater sense of a character's motivation in regards to the narrative.
• Authors can use it to explore a character's past through glimpses of flashbacks.
  

Quick Activity: Pick a supporting character from Hag-Seed or The Tempestand write a paragraph (using stream of consciousness) that explores their feelings mid-way through the narrative. 

Reported Speech

 

What is it: There are two kinds of speaking in literature. Direct speech refers to speech that takes place in quotation marks, such as "Hey, what's up?" The other kind, reported speech, refers to a character paraphrasing or reporting what a character has generally said.

Examples:

• "She's insisting on greenery, she's making him eat kale" - Felix indirectly conveys Miranda's dialogue in Hag-Seed by Margaret Atwood
• "When the doctors came they said she had died of heart disease." - From the short story 'The Story of an Hour' by Kate Chopin.
  

Why use it:

• Allows for the narrator to retain 'control' of the story; what the audience 'hears' is only what the narrator tells them. This can also reinforce an author's attempt to create an unreliable narrator.
• The author can use reported speech to blend dialogue and action together more seamlessly.
• Creates a greater distance between the reader and the events of the text, and can help to condense time into smaller amounts of text.
  

Quick Activity: Pick a segment of The Tempest or Hag-Seed that uses direct dialogue and rewrite it as a short paragraph that shows both direct speech and reported speech.  

Anadiplosis

What is it: A rhetorical form of repetition in which the last word or clause of a paragraph/sentence is repeated near the beginning of the next section of text. The word 'anadiplosis' comes from the Greek word for 'doubling / folding up'.

Examples:

• "Fear leads to anger. Anger leads to hate. Hates leads to suffering" - Yoda in The Phantom Menace, directed by George Lucas.
• "It begins, I think, with that act of recognition. Recognition that it was we who did the dispossessing" - 'Redfern' speech by Paul Keating (1992)
• "Don't blame me, blame me fucking hormones" - Hag-Seed by Margaret Atwood
  

Why use it:

• To emphasise the significance of a particular word or idea.
• The changing placement of the key word or clause in question helps to shift the way a reader thinks of it. 
• Can show a chain of events / cause and effect when used multiple times in close proximity.
• Allows writers to sometimes indicate multiple meanings associated with one word.
• Can make a suggestion or an order more effective when delivered with authority.

Quick Activity: Write a short persuasive speech that includes an example of anadiplosis. This speech should be about why the voting age should or shouldn't be lowered to 16. 

You can find all these together on one handy sheet below:

• Writology Issue 8

Happy writing!

Craft of Writing: Irony and Symbolism

Hello! Our cohorts should be passingly familiar with both irony and symbolism by the time they reach Year 12 but it never hurts to revisit these keystone elements of writing, especially as students are preparing themselves to engage with the Craft of Writing module in the HSC. Below are some mini-lessons designed to support students in their consideration of writing craft. Students are shown how to use a technique, alongside examples, and then put it into practice. 

Irony

What is it: Irony occurs when words are used to indicate something opposite to their actual meaning. There are three types of irony, all of which reflect a difference between appearance and reality. These are:

1. Verbal irony - which can take the form of sarcasm, exaggeration, contradictory phrases, or deliberate understatement.
2. Situational irony - when an audience's expectation of something in a text is not fulfilled. Otherwise known as 'subversion'.
3. Dramatic irony - when the audience is aware of something that some of the characters are not.

Examples:

• Verbal Irony: "Some animals are more equal than others" - Animal Farm by George Orwell
• Situational Irony: A woman receives a letter about her husband's death and struggles with the news. When her husband then miraculously shows up, she dies of a heart attack from the idea of not being free of him (subverting the audience's expectation that she is upset that he has died). - The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin
• Dramatic Irony: The audience knows right from the outset that Iago is manipulating Othello in regards to Desdemona's handkerchief, however, Othello is driven into a jealous rage at the ideas that Iago suggests as he is unaware of the truth. - Othello by William Shakespeare.

Why use it:

• Irony brings an additional level of meaning to a situation, and calls attention to ideas through a contrast between what is said and reality.
• Readers are forced to use their imagination to consider the full implications and underlying meanings when irony takes place.
• Verbal irony can work effectively to create humour when used in conjunction with kairos (the right time and place).
• Situational irony helps writers subvert reader expectations for more effective and original storytelling. It can add extra dimension and impact to the emotional connection between the reader and the text. 
• Dramatic irony if often associated with the tragedy genre as it emphasises the fatal impact of a character misunderstanding something. Dramatic irony also assists an author in building reader engagement as it creates a tension between the reader (who knows what is happening) and their need for a character to realise what the reader already knows.

Quick Activity #1: Write a paragraph using characters from either The Tempest or Hag-Seed that demonstrates one of the three forms of irony.

Quick Activity #2: Write an explanation of which irony you used in your previous exercise and how it was demonstrated.

Quick Activity #3: Did you write about Hag-Seed or The Tempest last time? This time write a paragraph using the characters from the other, and use a form of irony that you didn't use last time.

Quick Activity #4: Write an explanation of which irony you used in your previous exercise and how it was demonstrated.  

Symbolism

What is it: The use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities. Symbolism is closely related to the human ability to think abstractly, which is what led to the creation of language. The moment humans could think of things that didn't exist in the physical world was the moment that they needed to come up with symbols to represent them. Written language is symbolism at its most basic; a series of symbols representing different sounds.

Examples:

• "Rosebud," the final word of the ruthless entrepreneur Charles Foster Kane on his deathbed,is revealed to the bed of his childhood sled. The sled symbolises the happier childhood that he lost forever at age 8. - The film Citizen Kane directed by Orson Welles. 
• The Golden Country, dreamt of by Winston repeatedly, symbolises the pleasant world he can never live in. - Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell.

Why use it:

• Adds depth to a text and its ideas, and demonstrates the abstract themes that 'power' the text.
• Can allow authors to 'say' things without having to explicitly say them, which in turn allows the audience to bring their own interpretation to the text.
• Symbolism can help the reader identify the sort of text or story they are reading, due to the associations and connotations that come with more well-known symbols (such as the generic convention of a full moon in a horror text).  

Quick Activity: Consider the masque scene in The Tempest, and the discussion in Chapter 28 of Hag-Seed where different ways of staging it are discussed. In what way (different to those discussed) would you stage it? Justify how your version would symbolise one or two themes from the text.  

 

Here are these two writing elements on the one sheet for ease of use:

• Writology Issue 5

Happy writing!